Almost unlivable after 17 years of blockade
Israel has a long history of isolating the Gaza Strip, which has been subjected to numerous closures during the past two decades. But the tight blockade imposed following the victory of the Hamas movement in the 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council elections was unprecedented. Israel declared the Gaza Strip a closed area and imposed penalties on the Hamas-led government, including restrictions on imports of fuel and other goods and the movement of people out of and into Gaza.
Over the years, Israeli authorities worked to broaden and deepen the isolation of the Gaza Strip. One of the most draconian restrictions in its impact was Israel’s separation of Gaza from the West Bank. This separation policy restricted Palestinians’ entry into and exit out of Gaza, preventing university students in Gaza from receiving education in West Bank universities, professionals from participating in continuing education, patients from receiving healthcare, businessmen from trading and families from staying united.
Under international law, Israel is an occupying power although it already ‘disengaged’ from the Gaza Strip in 2005; it still continues to control entry and exit from Gaza by land, sea and air. Likewise, it controls Gaza’s population registry, telecommunication networks and many other aspects of daily life and infrastructure. Rather than undertaking its duty of protecting the civilian population in the Gaza Strip, Israel has been placing Palestinians under a suffocating blockade, which constitutes an unprecedented form of collective punishment in a stark violation of international humanitarian law.
The global community seems unfazed by the unlivable conditions in the Gaza strip or the fact that an entire generation has grown up isolated from the world - save for its contact with advanced weapons technologies raining down on them from Gaza's skies.
Noura Erakat, Euro-Med Monitor’s member of the Board of Trustees
The Deterioration of the Humanitarian Situation and Services
(12-16) hours
of power blackouts per day in the Gaza Strip.
1.4 hospital beds
available per 1,000 persons
compared to 3 in 2005, before the imposition of the blockade.
5 out of 10
families in Gaza are food-insecure
40%
of essential medicines are absent, compared to 16% only in 2005.
32%
the deficit in medical consumables
60%
the deficit in laboratory supplies and blood banks
66%
the decline rate in healthcare services
Restrictions on Gaza Crossings
Restrictions on the movement of both goods and people are long-standing challenges facing Palestinians.
Before Israel imposed its blockade on Gaza, individuals and goods moved in and out through six crossings: Erez, Karni, Nahal Oz, Kerem Shalom and Sufa via Israel and Rafah via Egypt. Once the blockade was enforced, all of them were closed except for Egypt’s Rafah crossing and Israel’s Erez (for people) and Kerem Abu Shalom (for goods).
Although the number of travellers passing through the Rafah border crossing increased in 2022 to roughly 23,000 per month (up from 15,000 in 2021), it remains considerably lower than the 2005 pre-blockade rate of up to 40,000 individuals per month.
Egyptian authorities continue to impose restrictions on the number and type of people allowed to cross the border. As a result, many Palestinians in Gaza are forced to pay high unofficial “coordination fees” to travel through the Rafah crossing without encountering security restrictions or delays.
Furthermore, Egyptian security personnel treat Palestinian travellers unjustly, exposing them to frequent searches. These practices cause the journey between the Rafah crossing and Cairo International Airport to take up to 72 hours in some situations, although it should normally take no more than six hours.
36%
of exit requests to receive medical treatment outside Gaza through the Erez crossing were approved at the beginning of 2022, compared to 97% in 2005.
23 working days
to review exit permit requests by ill individuals to receive treatment outside Gaza through Erez crossing.
34,000 Palestinians
were permitted to travel through Erez on a monthly basis during 2022, compared to 30,000 in 2005.
23,000
entry and exit cases per month through the Rafah border in 2022, compared to 40,000 in 2005.
Economic Collapse
The Gaza Strip’s economy has wallowed in a general recession ever since the Israeli blockade was imposed, resulting in the near-total closure of commercial crossings and severe restrictions on the movement of traders and other businesspeople. The three major wars further exacerbated the crisis, paralyzing all enterprise during the assaults. The effects—caused in large part by the destruction of plants and offices and a loss of jobs—lingered long after ceasefires were declared.
On the macroeconomic level, the contribution of the Gaza Strip to the gross domestic product (GDP) of Palestine hovered at less than 18% by the end of 2020.
The (COVID-19) pandemic, which began to spread within the Gaza Strip in August 2020, has multiplied the crises afflicting the sector's economy. Lockdowns have exacerbated the suffering of workers working on the day shift. According to the Federation of Trade Unions in the Gaza Strip, about 160,000 workers lost their jobs or stopped working temporarily due to the closure. In addition, the daily wages of workers are not enough for them to cope with the conditions of closure, especially since the average daily wage for a worker is equivalent to $3, which is not commensurate with the difficult living conditions and the high prices.
A UNCTAD report issued on November 25, 2020, said the economic cost of the Israeli occupation on the Gaza Strip during the past decade was estimated at $16.7 billion. This means the per capita economic losses due to the blockade amounted to about $9,000 due to the long-term closure and the military operations that Gaza was subjected to during the siege period.
47%
unemployment rate by the beginning of 2023, compared to 23% in 2005
80%
of citizens in the Gaza Strip depend on aid
61.6%
poverty rate in Gaza by the beginning of 2023 compared to 40% in 2005
The average number of people living below the poverty line in the Gaza Strip is twice higher than that of the West Bank.
6494 trucks
of goods entered Gaza through Kerem Shalom crossing per month during 2022, compared to 10,400 in 2005.
428 trucks
left Gaza monthly through Kerem Shalom commercial crossing in 2022, compared to 835 in 2005.
Closure of Commercial Crossings
All commercial crossings of Gaza are now completely closed, except for Kerem Shalom Crossing with Israel, and the Rafah border with Egypt.
Farming and the impact of the ‘buffer zone’
Israel has imposed a “buffer zone” inside the Gaza Strip that extends well beyond the border fence. In this area, all movement of Palestinians is prohibited.
The actual boundaries of this security zone are not clear and, like area of the sea in which fishing may take place, the line always seems to be shifting. Until 2008, pedestrian traffic was generally allowed up to 300 meters from the fence, and farmers could go as close as 100 meters in the course of their work. However, with the launch the first major Israeli assault in December 2008, Palestinians were ordered to stay out of a much broader swath of land—reaching 1,000-1,500 meters from the separation fence. The “off-limits” land represented about 35% of the Gaza’s land suitable for agriculture. Israeli forces destroyed or contaminated much of this arable land. After the 2012 military attack, Israel eased these restrictions, only to tighten them again later. Regardless of the official limits, however, Israeli forces often target even farmers who work in permitted areas and carry out periodic ground. In addition, throughout the year, Israeli aircraft repeatedly spray herbicide on Palestinian lands along the borders, causing damage to agricultural crops, even in areas that are more than 300 meters from the fence. This means threatening farmers' only source of livelihood.
35%
of land suitable for agriculture is deducted by the buffer zone.
7.1%
is Gaza’s agriculture’s share of the total GDP
$1.3 billion
is the value of agricultural sector losses due to the Israeli blockade and military attacks (2006 - 2022)
70%
of the livestock that grazed in the buffer zone was impaired.
Gaza Fishing Industry
The Oslo Agreement, signed by the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel in 1994, permits the Palestinians to sail up to 20 nautical miles (about 37 km) off the Gaza coast. However, that has never been permitted in reality. Instead, Israel arbitrarily limits fishing to an ever-changing zone that is never further than 12 nautical miles out.
90%
of Gaza's fishermen live below the poverty line.
3-6-12 nautical miles
make up the area allowed for fishing.
4,000 fishermen
The number of registered fishermen in Gaza has fallen from 10,000 to 4,000 since 2000.
30
monthly incidents where the Israeli Navy targeted fishermen’s boats in 2022.
The Israeli Military Operations in the Gaza Strip During the Blockade
During the past 15 years, Israeli forces launched three major attacks on the Gaza Strip: in 2008-2009, 2012 and 2014. Sporadic air and ground attacks occurred in between them.
Operation Cast Lead (2008-2009)
The first of the major attacks started on December 27, 2008, and lasted for 21 days—ending on January 18, 2009. Over the course of three weeks, Israeli forces dropped around 1 million kilograms of explosives on the strip, causing the destruction of nearly 4,100 houses and damaging 17,500 others. Nearly 1,500 (1,436) Palestinians were killed and about 5,400 others were injured, including many children and women.
Operation Pillar of Defense (2012)
This attack started on November 14, 2012, and lasted for eight days, ending on November 21, 2012. Israeli warplanes killed 162 Palestinians, wounded nearly 1,300, and destroyed 200 houses. Another 1,500 homes were damaged.
Operation Protective Edge (2014)
The longest and most deadly Israeli attack on Gaza started on July 8, 2014, and lasted 51 days—ending on August 26, 2014. Euro-Med Monitor’s field team documented 60,664 Israeli land, sea and air raids, which killed 2,147 Palestinians (in many cases, involving one family) and wounded 10,870 others. A recorded 17,123 homes were hit, of which 2,465 were destroyed.
Operation Guardian of the Walls (2021)
The attack started on 10 May 2021 and lasted for 11 days, ending on 21 May 2021. The Israeli army focused its air and artillery attacks on the infrastructure of the Gaza Strip, especially streets, water wells, and public facilities, as well as the Strip’s economic and productive capacities. As a result, these sectors sustained heavy losses. According to the Palestinian Ministry of Health, the attack resulted in the deaths of 254 Palestinians, including 66 children, 39 women, and 17 elderly people. Additionally, about 1,948 others were injured.
17,000 damaged houses
during Operation Cast Lead (2008-2009)
1,500 damaged houses
during Operation Pillar of the Defense (2012)
14,658 damaged houses
during Operation Protective Edge (2014)
1,700 totally destroyed houses
during Operation Guardian of the Walls (2021)
66%
of the population in the densely populated Strip are refugees
Repercussions of the Electricity Crisis
The electricity crisis in the Gaza Strip dates to the start of the blockade in 2006, when Israeli forces bombed the six main transformers at the only power plant. Although the station was later partially repaired, a shortage of fuel also persists. As a result, the Strip suffers from a large deficit in electrical energy, with power outages for up to 12 hours per day.
30%
of Gaza residents are deprived of their right to water as a result of the constant electricity outage.
Less than half
of the amount of diesel needed to operate Gaza’s power plant at full capacity is available.
108 million litres
of contaminated (untreated) wastewater pumped daily into the Mediterranean due to power shortages, polluting the beaches.
The electricity crisis has forced hospitals to postpone non-emergency surgeries, thus increasing the estimated waiting period to 16 months by the beginning of 2021, compared to 3 months in 2005.